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UN Security Council slammed for 'endorsing siege and mass starvation' of Yemenis

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Resolution passed Tuesday imposes arms embargo on Houthis but not the Saudi Arabia-led military coalition bombing and blockading Yemen

United States President Barack Obama chairs a United Nations Security Council meeting at U.N. Headquarters in New York, N.Y., Sept. 24, 2009. (Photo: Pete Souza/White House/Public Domain)

United States President Barack Obama chairs a United Nations Security Council meeting at U.N. Headquarters in New York, N.Y., Sept. 24, 2009. (Photo: Pete Souza/White House/Public Domain)

by Sarah Lazare, Common Dreams

The United Nations Security Council on Tuesday passed a resolution, drafted largely by the gulf countries leading the war on Yemen, imposing an arms embargo on Houthis but not the Saudi Arabia-led military coalition pummeling and blockading the impoverished country.

Analysts warn that the measure amounts to an endorsement of the siege on Yemen, which is cutting off vital supplies of food and medical aid and unleashing a profound humanitarian crisis.

Independent journalist and former Yemen resident Iona Craig raised the alarm on Twitter:

Sanaa-based reporter Adam Baron echoed this concern.

The UNSC resolution, which is legally binding, was approved by the 15 member council, with 14 voting in favor and Russia abstaining.

The language calls for all member states to “take the necessary measures to prevent the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer” of military equipment and weapons to Houthi forces.

Furthermore, the resolution orders Houthis to immediately cease combat operations and withdraw from territory they have seized.

Russia had lobbied for the language to include text mandating a “humanitarian pause” in the Saudi-led air strikes, which have hit residential areas and civilian infrastructure, including markets, medical facilities, andat least one displaced person’s camp in the country’s north. Since March 26 when the coalition bombings began, at least 364 civilians have been killed and 681 wounded in the country’s conflict, according to the UN’s own estimates.

But instead, the final version of the resolution merely, “Requests the Secretary-General to intensify his efforts in order to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance and evacuation, including the establishment of humanitarian pauses.”

The Saudi-led coalition—which includes the United States, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, and Morocco—has repeatedly blocked aid from getting through to civilian populations in Yemen, leading to public rebuke from aid organizations, including the Red Cross.

Houthis have also used deadly force against civilians, and people across Yemen and the world have charged that the large-scale military campaign, waged by some of the most wealthy and despotic countries in the world, is causing the humanitarian situation to deteriorate exponentially.

Robert Naiman, policy director for Just Foreign Policy, told Common Dreamsthat the UNSC resolution is one-sided. “You would hope the Security Council would take a balanced approach, not just go after the Houthis, who—regardless of what you think of what they’ve done—are clearly an internal party to the conflict,” said Naiman.

Meanwhile, people across Yemen and the world are turning to social media to call for an end to the fighting, as part of the online campaign Kefaya War, which means “Enough War” in Arabic:

Twitter.com/KefayaWar

UN: Majority of Yemen war victims are civilians

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Deputy secretary-general for human rights says both Saudi-led coalition and Houthi rebels to blame for civilian deaths.

(AFP/File)

(AFP/File)

by Al Jazeera

Aid agencies have warned of a growing humanitarian crisis in Yemen as the UN says the majority of people killed in the conflict are civilians, blaming both the Saudi-led coalition and Houthi rebels.

“Over 600 people [have been] killed [in the conflict], but more than half of them are civilians. This is particularly concerning,” Ivan Simonovic, UN’s deputy secretary-general for human rights, told Al Jazeera on Monday.

“So far we can say with confidence that both sides have not exercised sufficient restraint. There were some unselective targeting and we are very concerned about that.”

Simonovic said it was essential not to allow “the acute crisis evolve into a chronic one”.

“There is still a window of opportunity when fighting and killing in Yemen could be stopped,” he said.

Nine Arab countries led by Saudi Arabia launched air strikes on Shia rebels on March 26 after the rebels stormed the presidential palace in the capital Sanaa and put President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi under house arrest, demanding political reforms.

The rebels, known as Houthis, swept into Sanaa in September and have since tried to expand their control across the country. They are fighting army units loyal to Hadi, who fled to Saudi Arabia, and are backed by security forces supporting Ali Abdullah Saleh, Yemen’s former president.

The coalition is supported by the United States, which has supplied arms and has also carried out drone attacks against al-Qaeda fighters in Yemen.

Overnight on Monday, Yemen’s main southern city of Aden saw the heaviest fighting, with medics and military forces saying at least 30 people were killed in clashes between rebels and supporters of Hadi.

Humanitarian groups have struggled to bring aid into the country and said on Monday the situation in Aden was deteriorating rapidly.

“Shops are closed. We have a problem of food,” said Marie-Elisabeth Ingres, the Yemen representative of Doctors without Borders (MSF).

Metaz al-Maisuri, an activist living in Aden, said basic services had stopped and there had been a “mass exodus” of civilians from the city.

“Schools, universities and all public and private facilities have been shut due” to the violence, he told the AFP news agency. “Residents’ lives have become very difficult and complicated… They can no longer obtain the food they need,” he said.

“We are unable to leave our houses to buy what we need because of the Houthi snipers,” said Adwaa Mubarak, a 48-year-old woman in Aden.

‘Boots on the ground needed’

Afzal Ashraf, a consultant fellow at the London-based Royal United Services Institute, told Al Jazeera that the Saudi-led coalition faced a dilemma over getting their military on the ground as air strikes alone would not achieve the coalition’s aims.

“The situation is very confused not just for us, observers, but also for people on the ground. And it will remain that way until we get ground forces in,” said Ashraf.

“This is the problem that the Saudi-led coalition is facing. They want to avoid ground forces, but they can’t make any meaningful change on the ground using air strikes alone.”

Meanwhile, in the Saudi capital Riyadh, Yemen’s Prime Minister Khaled Bahah was sworn in as vice president at the country’s embassy in front of exiled Hadi, a day after his appointment, in a move welcomed by Yemen’s Gulf neighbours.

Mohammed Abdel Salam, a Houthi spokesman, denounced the appointment of Bahah in televised comments on a pro-Houthi channel. He said that the Houthi group will not recognise decisions promulgated by Hadi and that anything pertaining to the country’s politics should be decided upon through dialogue within the country.

UN special envoy for Yemen Jamal Benomar has been urging the parties to come to a negotiated settlement. Saleh has also called for a UN-sponsored dialogue.

With weapons pouring in and aid locked out, Yemeni civilians 'willfully abandoned'

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Two weeks into a Saudi-led bombardment and siege, hundreds are dead and food, water, and medical supplies are running low

The online campaign Kefaya War ("Enough War" in Arabic) has received an outpouring of support from Yemen and around the world. (Photo courtesy of #KefayaWar)

The online campaign Kefaya War (“Enough War” in Arabic) has received an outpouring of support from Yemen and around the world. (Photo courtesy of #KefayaWar)

by Sarah Lazare, Common Dreams

Two weeks of a Saudi Arabia-led bombardment and siege on the impoverished nation of Yemen has bred a profound humanitarian crisis—marked by hundreds of civilian deaths and worsening food and water shortages.

As the Saudi-led coalition blocks almost all food and medical aid from getting in, while bombing public infrastructure, residents and aid organizations warn that the worst is yet to come.

“So many of my family members are saying that if the war is not going to kill you, it’s the humanitarian crisis that will,” Rooj Alwazir, Yemeni activist currently based in Washington, D.C. and co-founder of Support Yemen Media, told the Shay wa Nana Radio Show, which aired Wednesday.

The war, which is led by Saudi Arabia and now includes the United States, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, and Morocco, is being waged against one of the poorest countries in the world.

The United Nations estimates that 16 million out of 25 million people in Yemen were in need of humanitarian assistance before the fighting began. Yemen relies on imports for 90 percent of staple food items, including 100 percent of rice.

But the Saudi-led coalition has repeatedly blocked international aid from getting through as it lays siege to Yemen, a country the size of France, including a naval blockade. Commercial shipping lines are either scaling back or completely halting all services to the country, Reuters reports.

The aid group Oxfam warned on Wednesday, “Regular imports of food and fuel have not reached Yemen since the escalation in violence began two weeks ago, due to the closure of land, sea and air routes into the country.” As a result, the organization said, food prices have doubled, fuel prices have quadrupled in some areas, and basic goods are running “dangerously low.”

“It’s getting very difficult to find wheat these days and we are not expecting anymore deliveries,” said Abdulrahman, a shop keeper in the Red Sea port city of Hodeidah, according to the Oxfam statement.

Some areas, meanwhile, are close to completely running out of water. The United Nationswarned on Friday that in the southern city of Aden, heavily targeted by shelling from war planes, “one million people risk being cut off from access to clean drinking water within a matter of days.”

Meanwhile, civilian infrastructure—including markets, schools, medical facilities, power plants, and warehouses—is being targeted in attacks, the UN finds. There are also numerous reports emerging that the coalition is targeting food supply buildings with its bombings.

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon told reporters on Thursday that civilians in Yemen are being “willfully abandoned.” He charged, “Ordinary Yemeni families are struggling for the very basics—water, food, fuel and medicine. Hundreds of civilians have been killed. Hospitals and schools are shutting down—some of which are direct targets of the fighting.”

And then, of course, there are the people dying beneath the coalition’s bombs. According to the latest situation report from the World Health Organization, since March 19, the conflict has killed at least 643 people and wounded 2,226, with 334,000 internally displaced and 8.4 million estimated to be in immediate need of health care services.

Harrowing reports of civilian deaths are emerging from on the ground in Yemen, including an account by journalist Sharif Abdel Kouddous, published by The Nation magazine on Friday, which told the story of the al-Amari family, many of whom were killed when an air strike hit their home on March 31. “To see your brother, your daughter, your son burning in front of your eyes,” 32-year-old survivor Mohamed Abdu Hameed al-Amari told Kouddous. “It was the blackest day in history.”

“The situation is just getting worse and worse every day,” said Alwazir. “People are afraid, they are living day to day in constant fear they might be next, either by an air strike or getting killed in crossfire between Houthis and popular committees in Aden.”

Even with aid shut out, the United States is expeditingweapons shipments in, helping coordinate the assault, and even refueling Saudi war planes for air strikes.

Voices from Yemen and around the world are denouncing what they say is a proxy war of aggression, waged by wealthy and despotic countries at the expense of the Yemeni people.

“The Yemen war is a variation on an old theme, where despotic regimes in the Middle East call on the United States to do their dirty work,” wrote Adil Shamoo, an associate fellow at the Institute for Policy Studies, in a post at Foreign Policy in Focus earlier this week. “The involvement of so many countries in the region in the war in Yemen could result in a wider war with completely unpredictable outcomes, even outside the country’s borders.”

And foreign policy expert Conn Hallinan, a columnist for FPIF, wrote on Friday, “Yemen needs an influx of aid, not bombs, drones, and hellfire missiles.”

Protests from London to Pakistan to Lebanon have called for an immediate end to the bombings and cessation of the war.

And from Yemen to the diaspora, people have taken to social media to send a message of humanity and tell the world they have had “enough” war.

The online campaign “Kefaya War,” which means “Enough War” in Arabic, was founded by independent Yemeni activists, including Rooj Alwazir. It has received messages of solidarity from the Philippines to Mexico to Aden:

https://twitter.com/KefayaWar

Pakistan parliament backs neutrality in Yemen conflict

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Vote indicates country will not join Saudi-led military coalition but will “stand shoulder to shoulder” with kingdom.

Predominantly Sunni Pakistan has placed itself as a peace broker in the Yemen conflict [AP]

Predominantly Sunni Pakistan has placed itself as a peace broker in the Yemen conflict [AP]

by Asad Hashim, Al Jazeera

Lahore: Pakistan’s parliament has unanimously passed a resolution affirming the country’s “neutrality” in the Yemen conflict, in a move that indicates the South Asian country will not be joining a Saudi-led military coalition that is currently fighting Houthi rebels in Yemen.

A joint session of parliament has been debating the issue in the capital Islamabad all week, and unanimously passed the resolution, presented by Ishaq Dar, the finance minister, on Friday afternoon.

The resolution expresses the “desire that Pakistan should maintain neutrality in the Yemen conflict”, while reaffirming Pakistan’s “unequivocal support of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia”.

Members of parliament agreed that Pakistan would “stand shoulder to shoulder” with Saudi Arabia in case of a violation of that country’s territorial integrity, or a threat to Muslim holy sites in Mecca and Medina.

The vote on Friday comes on the heels of frenetic diplomatic activity, with Mohammad Javad Zarif, Iranian foreign minister, in Islamabad for a two-day visit that concluded on Thursday, following Pakistani leader Nawaz Sharif’s meetings in Turkey with that country’s leadership on the issue.

Pakistani leaders have also met senior Saudi officials in Riyadh in the last two weeks, while the country’s military leadership has been in talks with Iran and Egypt.

Peace broker’s role

Pakistan, alongside regional ally Turkey, has placed itself as a peace broker in the conflict, calling on the UN and Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC) to take a pro-active role in fostering dialogue to end the conflict.

The parliamentary resolution is not binding on the executive, but the fact that text was proposed by senior cabinet member Dar, who is a member of the ruling PML-N party, and that it was passed unanimously indicate that it is highly unlikely the government would defy it.

The resolution passed on Friday “calls upon the warring factions in Yemen to resolve their differences peacefully through dialogue”.

Members of both houses of parliament had been debating the issue since Monday, when the government convened the joint session to formulate a joint position on the conflict.

On Monday, Khawaja Asif, Pakistani defence minister, revealed that Saudi Arabia had, in meetings with the Pakistani leadership, conveyed a request for fighter jets, ground troops and naval warships to be contributed to Saudi Arabia’s Operation Decisive Storm.

The operation has been under way since March 25, when Saudi Arabia began airstrikes on Houthi rebel positions in Sanaa on the request of Yemeni President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi, who the international community recognizes as the legitimate president of the country.

Hadi has been taking refuge in Saudi Arabia since March 27, after Houthi fighters, ascendant in their military campaign against the state since late last year, made advances towards Aden, where he was based since February.

India ends evacuation in Yemen, 5,600 pulled out

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yemen

New Delhi: India has ended its massive evacuation efforts of its nationals in Yemen, pulling out 5,600 people, including 4,640 Indians and 960 nationals from 41 countries, the government said.

External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj tweeted: “The evacuation operation from Yemen is over. General V.K. Singh is returning tonight. We are closing our Embassy there.”

Earlier the external affairs ministry spokesperson Syed Akbaruddin tweeted that India concluded its evacuation efforts in Sana’a by airlifting over 630 people by three special Air India flights from the Yemeni capital.

Akbaruddin said the security situation in Yemen has deteriorated further with a bomb blast at Aden port on Thursday. “India completes its air evacuations from Sana’a”.

“The total no. of Indians evacuated from Sana’a by air has crossed 2,900 by 18 special flights since the beginning of the air operations,” he tweeted.

“Indian naval vessels have also evacuated over 1,670 Indians from Aden, Al Hudaydah and Al Mukalla ports in Yemen since 31 March,” he wrote.

“Indian Naval Ship INS Sumitra evacuated 349 persons, including 46 Indians and 303 foreign nationals from Al Hudaydah port on April 9,” he said.

(Agencies)

664 Indians return from strife-torn Yemen

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indians-yemen

Mumbai/Kochi: Over 660 Indian nationals evacuated from Yemen arrived home by two IAF planes and a special Air India flight tonight, taking the total number of evacuees who have been safely brought back from the strife-torn country to 1022.

While two Indian Air Force planes carrying 334 people landed in Mumbai past 11 PM, a special Air India flight with 330 Indians reached Kochi airport post midnight.

They were part of evacuees who were brought to Djibouti from Sanaa earlier in the day today.

The two Air Force C-17 Globemasters which landed in Mumbai carried among others, 306 evacuees — 251 men, 38 women, 17 children — rescued by Navy vessel INS Sumitra.

In Kochi, the evacuees, including nurses and workers, were welcomed at the airport by Kerala Minister for Diaspora K C Joseph along with state government officials.

Yesterday, 358 Indians evacuated from the Yemen were brought home by two IAF planes. The first plane carrying 168 people, mostly nurses from Kerala, had landed at Kochi airport, while the second plane carrying 190 Indian nationals had landed in Mumbai.

Yemen has been witnessing fierce battle between Saudi-led coalition and Shiite rebels, who have battled their way into the heart of the country’s main southern city Aden where fighting raged in the former stronghold of President Abedrabbo Mansour Hadi who has fled overseas.

(PTI)

IAF plane carrying 168 Indian nationals from Yemen lands in Kochi

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indians-yemen

Kochi: An IAF plane carrying 168 Indian nationals evacuated from Yemen landed in the government’s first major mission to rescue Indians stranded in the strife-torn nation.

The Indian nationals, including nurses and workers, among others, reached home by the special flight–Indian Air Force’s C17 Globemasters– bringing an end to their about a week-long ordeal.

The flight landed at 2 a.m.

The evacuees were welcomed at the airport by Kerala Minister for Diaspora K C Joseph, PWD Minister Ibrahim Kunju and Ernakulam District Collector M G Rajamanikyam.

They were part of as many as 350 Indians who yesterday reached at Djibouti after being evacuated on a Navy vessel from Aden, the seaport city of Yemen.

Parents of Jincy and Tincy, two nurses working with government hospitals in Yemen, are concerned about their elder daughter whose flight from Sana’a was cancelled even after a boarding pass was issued.

Talking to PTI from Kochi airport, mother of the nurses, Omana, hailing from Vadakkancherry of Palakkad district, said only Jincy, working in Aden, could reach home safely.

“We are happy that our daughter Jincy is coming back on the special flight. But we are concerned about the safety our elder daughter Tincy who is in Sana’a. We hoped that she would also be reaching safely tonight.

“Jincy could not come as the flight did not take off because of the last minute developments at Sana’a airport,” said Omana who came to the airport along with her husband Soman to receive their daughters.

A Kerala government official said the Non-Resident Keralites Affairs (Norka) cell would give Rs 2000 each to the people who returned from Yemen at the airport besides providing them free transportation facilities to reach home.

A spokesperson in the External Affairs Ministry has said of 350 evacuees, 206 belong to Kerala, 40 are from Tamil Nadu, 31 from Maharashtra, 23 from West Bengal and 22 from Delhi besides other states.

Another Air Force flight with 190 Indians evacuated from strife-torn Yemen landed at Mumbai airport at 3.30 a.m. on Thursday.

The Central Railway is providing food and assistance with ticketing and is making arrangements for their further journey home.

The Indians were evacuated late on Monday night by INS Sumitra, which was diverted from its anti-piracy patrol in the region. It waited for hours to get local clearances as heavy fighting was reported in the city.

(PTI)

BJP to quit J&K govt if Kashmir issue not solved: Amit Shah

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Amit-Shah

Ahmedabad: Amidst raging controversy on Jammu and Kashmir government’s alleged ‘pro-separatist’ moves, BJP chief Amit Shah said that his party would not compromise on national interest and could end its alliance with PDP, if “Kashmir issue” is not solved.

“People of this country have blessed us like Lord Shiva and given us very big responsibility. BJP will never compromise on national interest, merely to remain in power in Jammu and Kashmir,” Shah said, addressing BJP workers in his assembly constituency Naranpura yesterday.

“The government (in J&K) has been formed only to solve Kashmir issue and I have full trust that we will find a solution to this issue. If it (solution of Kashmir issue) does not come about, then nobody can stop our party workers from leaving the coalition government,” Shah said.

Shah also said that BJP workers should go to the people to spread the message that the party would not compromise on national interest.

However, BJP’s spokesperson Harshad Patel in Gujarat said that Shah merely said that national interest is the party’s priority and he never categorically said anything about breaking the BJP’s alliance with the PDP.

“He (Amit Shah) merely said that national interest is our priority and BJP will not allow any anti-national activities on the soil of Jammu and Kashmir,” Patel said.

BJP has been facing the ire of opposition parties due to its alliance with PDP with the J&K Chief Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed’s recent decision to release separatist leader Masarrat Alam, only adding to its woes.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi had also clarified before the Lok Sabha that Alam’s release is not acceptable and that the government won’t tolerate any compromise on the nation’s integrity.

Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh had also echoed the sentiments saying that his government’s top priority was national security and not continuance of the government in the state.

(PTI)

US envoy: Almost every CAR mosque destroyed in war

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US ambassador to UN Samantha Power calls devastation in Central African Republic “kind of crazy, chilling” after visit.

Nearly one million of Central African Republic's 4.5 million residents have been displaced [Getty]

Nearly one million of Central African Republic’s 4.5 million residents have been displaced [Getty]

by Al Jazeera

Almost all of the 436 mosques in the Central African Republic have been destroyed by months of vicious fighting between Christians and Muslims, the US ambassador to the United Nations said.

Samantha Power spoke to reporters on Tuesday after a Security Council visit last week to the country, calling the devastation “kind of crazy, chilling”.

She expressed concern about an upcoming possible security vacuum as European Union and French forces pull out and a UN peacekeeping force is still not at full strength.

At least 5,000 people have been killed since Central African Republic exploded into unprecedented violence in December 2013.

Nearly one million of the country’s 4.5 million residents have been displaced. Many of those who have fled are Muslim.

Power said 417 of the country’s mosques have been destroyed. She visited the one remaining Muslim neighbourhood in the capital, Bangui, and described the residents as “a terrified population”.

Some Muslim women, afraid of leaving the community while wearing their veils, are choosing to give birth in their homes instead of hospitals, the ambassador said.

UN peacekeepers, French forces and a European Union military operation have tried to calm the violence.

But Power said the last of the EU force of about 750 troops left the Central African Republic over the weekend, shortly after the Security Council visit.

“That’s a big drop-off in capability,” she said. Meanwhile, the French forces have announced a “substantial drawdown” by the end of this year. France had sent 2,000 troops to its former colony.

The UN peacekeeping force remains at about 80 percent of its planned strength of about 10,000, Power said.

The UN secretary-general last month asked for more than 1,000 additional peacekeepers, and Power said the council is “very favorably disposed” to the request.

She said the combined forces have “averted a worst-case scenario,” but the country’s roving armed groups remain armed.

The ambassador called that a deep cause for concern and said disarmament is a “huge priority”.

Vatican backs military force to stop ISIS ‘genocide'

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pope-francis

by John L. Allen Jr, Crux

In an unusually blunt endorsement of military action, the Vatican’s top diplomat at the United Nations in Geneva has called for a coordinated international force to stop the “so-called Islamic State” in Syria and Iraq from further assaults on Christians and other minority groups.

“We have to stop this kind of genocide,” said Italian Archbishop Silvano Tomasi, the Vatican’s representative in Geneva. “Otherwise we’ll be crying out in the future about why we didn’t so something, why we allowed such a terrible tragedy to happen.”

Tomasi said that any anti-ISIS coalition has to include the Muslim states of the Middle East, and can’t simply be a “Western approach.” He also said it should unfold under the aegis of the United Nations.

The call for force is striking, given that the Vatican traditionally has opposed military interventions in the Middle East, including the two US-led Gulf Wars. It builds, however, on comments from Pope Francis that the use of force is “legitimate … to stop an unjust aggressor.”

Tomasi issued the call in an interview with Crux on the same day he presented a statement entitled “Supporting the Human Rights of Christians and Other Communities, particularly in the Middle East,” coauthored with the Russian Federation and Lebanon, to the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva.

The statement has drawn almost 70 nations as signatories, including the United States.

Tomasi told Crux that in the first instance, he hopes the statement will galvanize nations around the world to provide humanitarian aid to Christians and other groups suffering at the hands of ISIS, “so they can survive and stand up for their own rights.”

Beyond that, Tomasi said, the crisis requires “more coordinated protection, including the use of force to stop the hands of an aggressor.”

“It will be up the United Nations and its member states, especially the Security Council, to determine the exact form of intervention necessary,” he said, “but some responsibility [to act] is clear.”

Tomasi applauded an initiative by France to call a special meeting of the Security Council later this month to discuss the situation facing Christians in the Middle East.

Thousands of Christians are believed to have been killed in various parts of the Middle East, principally Iraq and Syria, since the eruption of the Syrian civil war in 2011 and the declaration of an ISIS-led “caliphate.” Hundreds of thousands of Christians and other minority groups have been driven into exile.

To be effective, Tomasi said, an anti-ISIS coalition must include “the countries most directly involved in the Middle East,” meaning the Islamic states of the region.

 

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